| Uploader: | Ruslanbrovkin |
| Date Added: | 29.06.2020 |
| File Size: | 55.85 Mb |
| Operating Systems: | Windows NT/2000/XP/2003/2003/7/8/10 MacOS 10/X |
| Downloads: | 40686 |
| Price: | Free* [*Free Regsitration Required] |
Justice League - Wikipedia
Etymology. The name Haiti (or Hayti) comes from the indigenous Taíno language which was the native name given to the entire island of Hispaniola to mean, "land of high mountains." The h is silent in French and the ï in Haïti has a diacritical mark used to show that the second vowel is pronounced separately, as in the word naïve. In English, this rule for the pronunciation is often Inside will keep you in-the-know and help you grow by sharing the latest news, developments, exclusive interviews, and more. At Inside, we want you to be able to have the knowledge and advice you need to grow in your career, so subscribe for free today and become an Insider. [] Download Free PDF. Leadership+Theory+and+Practice+6th+editi Qingqiu Liao. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. This paper. A short summary of this paper. 35 Full PDFs related to this paper. READ PAPER. Leadership+Theory+and+Practice+6th+editi Download. Leadership+Theory+and+Practice+6th+editi
Sin city graphic novel pdf free download
iti] ; officially the Republic of Haiti French: République d'Haïti ; Haitian Creole: Repiblik d Ayiti [11] and formerly known as Hayti[note 1] is a country located on the island sin city graphic novel pdf free download Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Seato the east of Cuba and Jamaica and south of The Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island which it shares with the Dominican Republic.
The island was originally inhabited by the indigenous Taíno people, who originated in South America. However, competing claims and settlements by the French led to the western portion of the island being ceded to France inwhich was subsequently named Saint-Domingue. French colonists established lucrative sugarcane plantationsworked by vast numbers of slaves brought from Africa, which made the colony one of the richest in the world.
In the midst of the French Revolution —99slaves and free people of color launched the Haitian Revolution —led by a former slave and the first black general of the French ArmyToussaint Louverture. After 12 years of conflict, Napoleon Bonaparte's forces were defeated by Louverture's successor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines later Emperor Jacques Iwho declared Haiti's sovereignty on 1 January —the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbeanthe second republic in the Americas, the first country to abolish slavery, and the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt.
Haiti's first century of independence was characterized by political instability, ostracism by the international community and the payment of sin city graphic novel pdf free download crippling debt to France, sin city graphic novel pdf free download.
Political volatility and foreign economic influence in the country prompted the U. to occupy the country from to Following a series of short-lived presidencies, François 'Papa Doc' Duvalier took power inushering in a long period of autocratic rule that was continued by his son Jean-Claude 'Baby Doc' Duvalier that lasted until ; the period was characterized by state-sanctioned violence against the opposition and civilians, corruption, and economic stagnation.
Since Haiti has been attempting to establish a more democratic political system. Haiti is a founding member of the United NationsOrganization of American States OAS[30] Association of Caribbean States[31] and the International Francophonie Organisation. In addition to CARICOMit is a member of the International Monetary Fund[32] World Trade Organization[33] and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.
Historically poor sin city graphic novel pdf free download politically unstable, Haiti has the lowest Human Development Index in the Americas. Since the turn of the 21st century, the country has endured a coup d'étatwhich prompted a U. interventionas well as a deadly earthquake that killed overThe name Haiti or Hayti comes from the indigenous Taíno language which was the native name [note 2] given to the entire island of Hispaniola to mean, "land of high mountains, sin city graphic novel pdf free download.
There are different anglicizations for its pronunciation such as HIGH-tihigh-EE-ti and haa-EE-tiwhich are still in use, but HAY-ti is the most widespread and best-established. In French, Haiti's nickname is the "Pearl of the Antilles" La Perle des Antilles because of both its natural beauty, [41] and the amount of wealth it accumulated for the Kingdom of France ; during the 18th century the colony was the world's leading producer of sugar and coffee.
The island of Hispaniolaof which Haiti occupies the western three-eighths, [17] [18] has been inhabited since about BC by groups of Native Americans thought to have arrived from Central or South America. The Taíno name for the entire island was Haitior alternatively Quisqeya. Sin city graphic novel pdf free download Taíno society the largest unit of political organization was led by a caciquesin city graphic novel pdf free download, or chief, as the Europeans understood them.
The island of Hipaniola was divided among five 'caciquedoms': the Magua in the north east, the Marien in the north west, the Jaragua in the south west, the Maguana in the central regions of Cibao, and the Higüey in the south east.
Taíno cultural artifacts include cave paintings in several locations in the country. These have become national symbols of Haiti and tourist attractions. Modern-day Léogânestarted as a French colonial town in the southwest, is beside the former capital of the caciquedom of Xaragua. Navigator Christopher Columbus landed in Haiti on 6 Decemberin an area that he named Môle-Saint-Nicolassin city graphic novel pdf free download, [48] and claimed the island for the Crown of Castile.
Nineteen days later, his ship the Santa María ran aground near the present site of Cap-Haïtien. Columbus left 39 men on the island, who founded the settlement of La Navidad on 25 December The sailors carried endemic Eurasian infectious diseases to which the native peoples lacked immunitycausing them to die in great numbers in epidemics. The Spanish passed the Laws of Burgos, —13which forbade the maltreatment of natives, endorsed their conversion to Catholicism, [54] and gave legal framework to encomiendas.
The natives were brought to these sites to work in specific plantations or industries. As the Spanish re-focused their colonization efforts on the greater riches of mainland Central and South America, Hispaniola became reduced largely to a trading and refueling post.
As a result piracy became widespread, encouraged by European powers hostile to Spain such as France based on Île de la Tortue and England. France received the western third and subsequently named it Saint-Dominguethe French equivalent of Santo Domingothe Spanish colony on Hispaniola. The French settlers were outnumbered by slaves by almost 10 to 1. Some West African slaves held on to their traditional Vodou beliefs by secretly syncretizing it with Catholicism. The French enacted the Code Noir "Black Code"prepared by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and ratified by Louis XIVwhich established rules on slave treatment and permissible freedoms.
As in its Louisiana colonythe French colonial government allowed some rights to free people of color gens de couleurthe mixed-race descendants of European male colonists and African female slaves and later, mixed-race women. White French Creole fathers frequently sent their mixed-race sons to France for their education.
Some men of color were admitted into the military. More of the free people of color lived in the south of the island, near Port-au-Princeand many intermarried within their community. The brutality of slave life led many slaves to escape to mountainous regions, where they set up their own autonomous communities and became known as Maroons.
Inspired by the French Revolution of and principles of the rights of manthe French settlers and free people of color pressed for greater political freedom and more civil rights.
Inthe French government sent three commissioners with troops to re-establish control; to build an alliance with the gens de couleur and slaves commissioners Léger-Félicité Sonthonax and Étienne Polverel abolished slavery in the colony.
Political leaders in the United Stateswhich was a new republic itself, reacted with ambivalence, at times providing aid to enable planters to put down the revolt. Later in the revolution, the US provided support to native Haitian military forces, with the goal of reducing French influence in North America and the Caribbean. With slavery abolished, Toussaint Louverture pledged allegiance to France, and he fought off the British and Spanish forces who had taken advantage of the situation and invaded Saint-Domingue.
However an insurgency against French rule broke out in the east, and in the west there was fighting between Louverture's forces and the free people of color led by André Rigaud in the War of the Knives — After Louverture created a separatist constitution and proclaimed himself governor-general for life, Napoléon Bonaparte in sent an expedition of 20, soldiers and as many sailors [74] under the command of his brother-in-law, Charles Leclercto reassert French control.
The French achieved some victories, but within a few months most of their army had died from yellow fever. He was imprisoned at Fort de Jouxwhere he died in of exposure and possibly tuberculosis. The slaves, along with free gens de couleur and allies, continued their fight for independence, led by generals Jean-Jacques DessalinesAlexandre Pétion and Henry Christophe. The independence of Saint-Domingue was proclaimed under the native name 'Haiti' by Dessalines on 1 January in Gonaïves [82] [83] and he was proclaimed "Emperor for Life" as Emperor Jacques I by his troops.
Fearful of the potential impact the slave rebellion could have in the slave statessin city graphic novel pdf free download, U. President Thomas Jefferson refused to recognize the new republic. The Southern politicians who were a powerful voting bloc in the American Congress prevented U. recognition for decades until they withdrew in to form the Confederacy, sin city graphic novel pdf free download. The revolution led to a wave of emigration. The plantation system was reestablished in Haiti, albeit for wages, however many Haitians were marginalized and resented the heavy-handed manner in which this was enforced in the new nation's politics.
After Dessalines' death Haiti became split into two, with the Kingdom of Haiti in the north directed by Henri Christophe, later declaring himself Henri Iand a republic in the south centred on Port-au-Prince, directed by Alexandre Pétionan homme de couleur. Beginning inPresident Jean-Pierre Boyeralso an homme de couleur and successor to Pétion, reunified the island following the suicide of Henry Christophe. Struggling to revive the agricultural economy to produce commodity cropsBoyer passed the Code Rural, which denied peasant laborers the right to leave the land, enter the towns, or start farms or shops of their own, causing much resentment as most peasants wished to have their own farms rather than work on plantations.
The American Colonization Society ACS encouraged free blacks in the United States to emigrate to Haiti. Starting in Septembersin city graphic novel pdf free download, more than 6, African Americans migrated to Haiti, with transportation paid by the ACS. In JulyKing Charles X of Franceduring a period of restoration of the French monarchysent a fleet to reconquer Haiti. Under pressure, President Boyer agreed to a treaty by which France formally recognized the independence of the nation in exchange for a payment of million francs.
After losing the support of Haiti's elite, Boyer was ousted inwith Charles Rivière-Hérard replacing him as president. In March Rivière-Hérard attempted to reimpose his authority, but the Dominicans put up stiff opposition and inflicted heavy losses.
Guerrier died in Apriland was succeeded by General Jean-Louis Pierrot. On 1 January Pierrot announced a fresh campaign to reimpose Haitian suzerainty over eastern Hispaniola, but his officers and men greeted this fresh summons with contempt. On 27 Februarysin city graphic novel pdf free download, President Riché died after only a year in power and was replaced by an obscure officer, General Faustin Soulouque. On 21 MarchHaitian soldiers attacked the Dominican garrison at Las Matas.
The demoralized defenders offered almost no resistance before abandoning their weapons. Soulouque pressed on, capturing San Juan. This left only the town of Azua as the remaining Dominican stronghold between the Haitian army and the capital. On 6 April, Azua fell to the 18,strong Haitian army, with a 5,man Dominican counterattack failing to oust them.
Sin city graphic novel pdf free download the news of discontent existing at Port-au-Prince, which reached Soulouque, sin city graphic novel pdf free download his further progress and caused him to return with the army to his capital. Emboldened by the sudden retreat of the Haitian army, the Dominicans counter-attacked, sin city graphic novel pdf free download. Their flotilla went as far as Dame-Mariewhich they plundered and set on fire.
Inhe again invaded the territory of the Dominican Republic. But owing to insufficient preparation, the army was soon in want of victuals and ammunition, sin city graphic novel pdf free download. The sufferings endured by the soldiers during the campaign ofand the losses and sacrifices inflicted on the country without yielding any compensation or any practical results provoked great discontent. In December of that year, Geffrard defeated the Imperial Army and seized control of most of the country.
Refused aid by the French Legation, Faustin was taken into exile aboard a British warship on 22 Januaryand General Geffrard succeeded him as President. The period following Soulouque's overthrow down to the turn of the century was a turbulent one for Haiti, with repeated bouts of political instability.
President Geffrard was overthrown in a coup in[] as was his successor, Sylvain Salnavein Some modernisation of the economy and sin city graphic novel pdf free download also occurred in this period, especially under the Presidencies of Lysius Salomon —88 and Florvil Hyppolite — Haiti's relations with outside powers were often strained.
In the United States attempted to force Haiti to permit the building of a naval base at Môle Saint-Nicolaswhich was firmly resisted by President Hyppolite. In the first decades of the 20th century, Haiti experienced great political instability and was heavily in debt to France, Germany and the United States. A series of short lived presidencies came and went: President Pierre Nord Alexis was forced from power in[] [] as was his successor François C. Antoine Simon in ; [] President Sin city graphic novel pdf free download Leconte —12 was killed in a possibly deliberate explosion at the National Palace; [] Michel Oreste —14 was ousted in a coup, as was his successor Oreste Zamor in Germany increased its influence in Haiti in this period, with a small community of German settlers wielding disproportionate influence in Haiti's economy.
This gave a stable sin city graphic novel pdf free download base on which to build the economy, and so enable the debt to be repaid.
InHaiti's new President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam sought to strengthen his tenuous rule by a mass execution of political prisoners. Outrage at the killings led to riots, and Sam was captured and killed by a lynch mob. Marines into Haiti in July
\
, time: 1:58Sin city graphic novel pdf free download
Etymology. The name Haiti (or Hayti) comes from the indigenous Taíno language which was the native name given to the entire island of Hispaniola to mean, "land of high mountains." The h is silent in French and the ï in Haïti has a diacritical mark used to show that the second vowel is pronounced separately, as in the word naïve. In English, this rule for the pronunciation is often The Justice League is a team of fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC blogger.com team was conceived by writer Gardner Fox during the Silver Age of Comic Books as a reimagining of the Golden Age's Justice Society of blogger.comally consisting of Superman (Kal-El/Clark Kent), Batman (Bruce Wayne), Wonder Woman (Diana Prince), The Flash (Barry Allen), Download Free PDF. Leadership+Theory+and+Practice+6th+editi Qingqiu Liao. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. This paper. A short summary of this paper. 35 Full PDFs related to this paper. READ PAPER. Leadership+Theory+and+Practice+6th+editi Download. Leadership+Theory+and+Practice+6th+editi
No comments:
Post a Comment